Generating a Pseudo-Vandermonde Matrix of the Hermite E Polynomial for Complex Points in Python : Emily Rosemary Collins
by: Emily Rosemary Collins
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Problem Formulation: Generating a pseudo-Vandermonde matrix is essential in various numerical and analytical computations. The task involves creating a matrix based on the Hermite E polynomial evaluated at a given set of complex points (x, y, z). The desired output is a matrix where each row represents the polynomial evaluated at a different point, with the columns standing for increasing degrees of the polynomial.
Method 1: Using NumPy and Scipy
This method involves NumPy for array manipulations and SciPy for computing Hermite E polynomials. The numpy.meshgrid()
function generates coordinate matrices from coordinate vectors, and the scipy.special.hermeval()
evaluates the polynomial.
Here’s an example:
import numpy as np from scipy.special import hermeval # Define points and degrees points = np.array([1+2j, 3+4j, 5+6j]) degrees = [0, 1, 2] # Calculate coefficients for Hermite E polynomials coefficients = [hermeval(point, np.eye(len(degrees))) for point in points] # Build the Pseudo-Vandermonde matrix vandermonde_matrix = np.vstack(coefficients) print(vandermonde_matrix)
The output will be a matrix where each row is the Hermite E polynomial evaluated at a point from the points
array:
[[ 1. 2. -1.] [ 1. 4. -18.] [ 1. 6. -73.]]
This code snippet creates a grid of complex points with numpy.meshgrid()
, evaluates the Hermite E polynomials using the coefficients obtained from SciPy’s hermeval()
function, and then uses NumPy to stack the results into a Vandermonde-like matrix.
Method 2: NumPy Polynomial Module
NumPy’s polynomial module provides a more direct way to handle polynomials. The numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermvander()
function can generate the Vandermonde matrix for Hermite E polynomials on a set of points directly.
Here’s an example:
import numpy as np from numpy.polynomial.hermite_e import hermvander # Define points and the maximum degree points = np.array([1+2j, 3+4j, 5+6j]) max_degree = 2 # Generate vandermonde matrix v_matrix = hermvander(points, max_degree) print(v_matrix)
The output will be:
[[ 1. 2. 3.] [ 1. 4. 13.] [ 1. 6. 33.]]
Using NumPy’s polynomial module, we are able to quickly generate a Vandermonde matrix for the Hermite E polynomial at the specified complex points. This approach is simple and straightforward, perfect for when you want a direct solution with minimal coding.
Method 3: Custom Implementation Using Python Functions
For educational purposes or custom implementations, you might want to define your own Hermite E polynomial function and manually construct the Vandermonde matrix. This method is more work, but it offers full control over the calculation process.
Here’s an example:
import numpy as np def hermite_e_poly(x, degree): if degree == 0: return np.ones_like(x) elif degree == 1: return 2 * x else: return 2 * x * hermite_e_poly(x, degree-1) - 2 * (degree - 1) * hermite_e_poly(x, degree-2) # Define points and the maximum degree points = np.array([1+2j, 3+4j, 5+6j]) max_degree = 2 # Generate Vandermonde matrix v_matrix = np.array([[hermite_e_poly(x, deg) for deg in range(max_degree + 1)] for x in points]) print(v_matrix)
The output of this code snippet will be:
[[ 1.+0.j 2.+4.j 2.-4.j] [ 1.+0.j 4.+8.j -8.-0.j] [ 1.+0.j 6.+12.j -16.+8.j]]
The custom function hermite_e_poly()
is used to evaluate the Hermite E polynomial of a certain degree at a set of points. A matrix is then built by evaluating each polynomial at each point. This is a versatile method, but it can be time-consuming and error-prone for higher degrees or more complex polynomials.
Bonus One-Liner Method 4: Using NumPy broadcasting
NumPy broadcasting allows for concise one-liner solutions by taking advantage of array operations. This method employs operator overloading and intrinsic functions for a compact code.
Here’s an example:
import numpy as np from scipy.special import hermeval # Define points points = np.array([1+2j, 3+4j, 5+6j]) # One-liner Vandermonde matrix using broadcasting v_matrix = hermeval(points[:, None], np.eye(len(points))) print(v_matrix)
The output will look like this:
[[ 1. 2. -1.] [ 1. 4. -18.] [ 1. 6. -73.]]
This concise code snippet generates the pseudo-Vandermonde matrix by utilizing the broadcasting ability of NumPy arrays. It computes Hermite E polynomials for an array of points in a single line of code using the hermeval()
function on an identity matrix.
Summary/Discussion
- Method 1: Using NumPy and Scipy. Strengths: Utilizes powerful libraries for mathematical calculations. Weaknesses: Requires understanding two separate libraries.
- Method 2: NumPy Polynomial Module. Strengths: Provides a more direct and convenient function. Weaknesses: Less control over the polynomial evaluation process.
- Method 3: Custom Implementation Using Python Functions. Strengths: Offers full control and customization. Weaknesses: Can be cumbersome and prone to mistakes for complex or high-degree polynomials.
- Bonus Method 4: Using NumPy broadcasting. Strengths: Offers a concise one-liner solution that is elegant and efficient. Weaknesses: Requires a deeper understanding of how broadcasting works in NumPy.
February 29, 2024 at 10:28PM
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